Development and Validation of the Scoring System of Appendicitis Severity 2.0.

Importance: When considering nonoperative treatment in a patient with acute appendicitis, it is crucial to accurately rule out complicated appendicitis. The Atema score, also referred to as the Scoring System of Appendicitis Severity (SAS), has been designed to differentiate between uncomplicated and complicated appendicitis but has not been prospectively externally validated. Objective: To externally validate the SAS and, in case of failure, to develop an improved SAS (2.0) for estimating the probability of complicated appendicitis. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective study included adult patients who underwent operations for suspected acute appendicitis at 11 hospitals in the Netherlands between January 2020 and August 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Appendicitis severity was predicted according to the SAS in 795 patients and its sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) for complicated appendicitis were calculated. Since the predefined targets of 95% for both were not met, the SAS 2.0 was developed using the same cohort. This clinical prediction model was developed with multivariable regression using clinical, biochemical, and imaging findings. The SAS 2.0 was externally validated in a temporal validation cohort consisting of 565 patients. Results: In total, 1360 patients were included, 463 of whom (34.5%) had complicated appendicitis. Validation of the SAS resulted in a sensitivity of 83.6% (95% CI, 78.8-87.6) and an NPV of 85.0% (95% CI, 80.6-88.8), meaning that the predefined targets were not achieved. Therefore, the SAS 2.0 was developed, internally validated (C statistic, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.89), and subsequently externally validated (C statistic, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.82-0.89). The SAS 2.0 was designed to calculate a patient's individual probability of having complicated appendicitis along with a 95% CI. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, external validation of the SAS fell short in accurately distinguishing complicated from uncomplicated appendicitis. The newly developed and externally validated SAS 2.0 was able to assess an individual patient's probability of having complicated appendicitis with high accuracy in patients with acute appendicitis. Use of this patient-specific risk assessment tool can be helpful when considering and discussing nonoperative treatment of acute appendicitis with patients.

Breast surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with lobular carcinoma: surgical and oncologic outcome.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer patients with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) have an increased risk of positive margins after surgery and often show little response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). We aimed to investigate surgical outcomes in patients with ILC treated with NAC. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, all breast cancer patients with ILC treated with NAC who underwent surgery at the Netherlands Cancer Institute from 2010 to 2019 were selected. Patients with mixed type ILC in pre-NAC biopsies were excluded if the lobular component was not confirmed in the surgical specimen. Main outcomes were tumor-positive margins and re-excision rate. Associations between baseline characteristics and tumor-positive margins were assessed, as were complications, locoregional recurrence rate (LRR), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: We included 191 patients. After NAC, 107 (56%) patients had breast conserving surgery (BCS) and 84 (44%) patients underwent mastectomy. Tumor-positive margins were observed in 67 (35%) patients. Fifty five (51%) had BCS and 12 (14%) underwent mastectomy (p value < 0.001). Re-excision was performed in 35 (33%) patients with BCS and in 4 (5%) patients with mastectomy. Definitive surgery was mastectomy in 107 (56%) patients and BCS in 84 (44%) patients. Tumor-positive margins were associated with cT ≥ 3 status (OR 4.62, 95% CI 1.26-16.98, p value 0.021) in the BCS group. Five-year LRR (4.7%), RFS (81%), and OS (93%) were not affected by type of surgery after NAC. CONCLUSION: Although 33% of ILC breast cancer patients undergoing BCS after NAC required re-excision for positive resection margins, it is considered safe given that five-year RFS remained excellent and LRR and OS did not differ by extent of surgery.

This house believes that: MARI/TAD is better than sentinel node biopsy after PST for cN+ patients.

The increasing use and effectiveness of primary systemic treatment (PST) enables tailored locoregional treatment. About one third of clinically node positive (cN+) breast cancer patients achieve pathologic complete response (pCR) of the axilla, with higher rates observed in Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor (HER)2-positive or triple negative (TN) breast cancer subtypes. Tailoring axillary treatment for patients with axillary pCR is necessary, as they are unlikely to benefit from axillary lymph node dissection (ALND), but may suffer complications and long-term morbidity such as lymphedema and impaired shoulder motion. By combining pre-PST and post-PST axillary staging techniques, ALND can be omitted in most cN + patients with pCR. Different post-PST staging techniques (MARI/TAD/SN) show low or ultra-low false negative rates for detection of residual disease. More importantly, trials using the MARI (Marking Axillary lymph nodes with Radioactive Iodine seeds) procedure or sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) as axillary staging technique post-PST have already shown the safety of tailoring axillary treatment in patients with an excellent response. Tailored axillary treatment using the MARI procedure in stage I-III breast cancer resulted in 80% reduction of ALND and excellent five-year axillary recurrence free interval (aRFI) of 97%. Similar oncologic outcomes were seen for post-SLNB in stage I-II patients. The MARI technique requires only one invasive procedure pre-NST and a median of one node is removed post-PST, whereas for the SLNB and TAD techniques two to four nodes are removed. A disadvantage of the MARI technique is its use of radioactive iodine, which is subject to extensive regulations.

Biopsy-Guided Pathological Response Assessment in Breast Cancer is Insufficient: Additional Pathology Findings of the MICRA Trial.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant systemic treatment (NST) leads to pathologic complete response (pCR) in 10-89% of breast cancer patients depending on subtype. The added value of surgery is uncertain in patients who reach pCR; however, current imaging and biopsy techniques aiming to predict pCR are not accurate enough. This study aims to quantify the residual disease remaining after NST in patients with a favorable response on MRI and residual disease missed with biopsies. METHODS: In the MICRA trial, patients with a favorable response to NST on MRI underwent ultrasound-guided post-NST 14G biopsies followed by surgery. We analyzed pathology reports of the biopsies and the surgical specimens. Primary outcome was the extent of residual invasive disease among molecular subtypes, and secondary outcome was the extent of missed residual invasive disease. RESULTS: We included 167 patients. Surgical specimen showed residual invasive disease in 69 (41%) patients. The median size of residual invasive disease was 18 mm (interquartile range [IQR] 12-30) in hormone receptor-positive (HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2-) patients, 8 mm (IQR 3-15) in HR+/HER2-positive (HER2+) patients, 4 mm (IQR 2-9) in HR-negative (HR-)/HER2+ patients, and 5 mm (IQR 2-11) in triple-negative (TN) patients. Residual invasive disease was missed in all subtypes varying from 4 to 7 mm. CONCLUSION: Although the extent of residual invasive disease is small in TN and HER2+ subtypes, substantial residual invasive disease is left behind in all subtypes with 14G biopsies. This may hamper local control and limits adjuvant systemic treatment options. Therefore, surgical excision remains obligatory until accuracy of imaging and biopsy techniques improve.

De-ESCAlating RadioTherapy in breast cancer patients with pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant systemic therapy: DESCARTES study.

PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NST) is increasingly used in breast cancer patients and depending on subtype, 10-89% of patients will attain pathologic complete response (pCR). In patients with pCR, risk of local recurrence (LR) after breast conserving therapy is low. Although adjuvant radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery (BCS) reduces LR further in these patients, it may not contribute to overall survival. However, radiotherapy may cause early and late toxicity. The aim of this study is to show that omission of adjuvant radiotherapy in patients with a pCR after NST will result in acceptable low LR rates and good quality of life. METHODS: The DESCARTES study is a prospective, multicenter, single arm study. Radiotherapy will be omitted in cT1-2N0 patients (all subtypes) who achieve a pCR of the breast and lymph nodes after NST followed by BCS plus sentinel node procedure. A pCR is defined as ypT0N0 (i.e. no residual tumor cells detected). Primary endpoint is the 5-year LR rate, which is expected to be 4% and deemed acceptable if less than 6%. In total, 595 patients are needed to achieve a power of 80% (one-side alpha of 0.05). Secondary outcomes include quality of life, Cancer Worry Scale, disease specific and overall survival. Projected accrual is five years. CONCLUSION: This study bridges the knowledge gap regarding LR rates when adjuvant radiotherapy is omitted in cT1-2N0 patients achieving pCR after NST. If the results are positive, radiotherapy may be safely omitted in selected breast cancer patients with a pCR after NST. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on June 13th 2022 (NCT05416164). Protocol version 5.1 (15-03-2022).

Short- and long-term outcomes of selective use of Frey or extended lateral pancreaticojejunostomy in chronic pancreatitis.

BACKGROUND: Surgery is the most effective treatment in patients with painful chronic pancreatitis and a dilated pancreatic duct. Studies reporting the outcomes of selected surgical approach according to the pancreatic head size in these patients are lacking. METHOD: This was a retrospective, observational single-centre study of consecutive patients who underwent either a Frey procedure or extended lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (eLPJ) for pain due to chronic pancreatitis with a dilated main pancreatic duct (5 mm or more) between 2006 and 2017. A Frey procedure was used in patients with pancreatic head enlargement (40 mm or more) and eLPJ (full-length pancreaticojejunostomy, including transection of the gastroduodenal artery) in others. A biliodigestive bypass was added in the case of biliary obstruction. RESULTS: Overall, 140 of 220 patients met the eligibility criteria: 70 underwent a Frey procedure and 70 an eLPJ. Hepaticojejunostomy was added in 17.1 per cent of patients (Frey: 24.3 per cent; eLPJ: 10.0 per cent (P = 0.025)). Major morbidity occurred in 15.0 per cent of patients (Frey: 21.4 per cent; eLPJ: 8.6 per cent (P = 0.033)). After a median 7.8 years of follow-up, the mean (s.d.) decrease in Izbicki pain score was 33 (27) points (34 (28) points after a Frey procedure; 32 (26) points after an eLPJ). Pain relief was reported as 'very much' by 87.5 per cent of patients (Frey: 86.1 per cent; eLPJ: 88.9 per cent) and as 'partial' by 11.1 per cent (Frey: 13.8 per cent; eLPJ: 8.3 per cent). CONCLUSION: Selective-use of either a Frey procedure or eLPJ in patients with symptomatic chronic pancreatitis was-associated with low morbidity and long-term pain relief. Adding a-biliodigestive bypass did not increase morbidity.